Title : Environmental health risk mapping of lassa fever endemic zones: Climate, ecological and socio-environmental factors

This systematics literature explores the environmental determinants and spatial dynamics of Lassa fever endemicity with particular emphasis on climatic, ecological and socio-environmental factors influencing disease transmission in endemic regions, especially Bauchi State, Nigeria. Lassar Fever pose a major challenge to public health in West African countries where recurrent outbreak of the disease resulted significantly with to morbidity and mortality rate. Even though the previous research has investigated Lassar fever transmission drivers among individuals, limited evidence exists on integrating environmental health risk mapping that combines ecological characteristics, socio-environmental conditions and climatic variability within a comprehensive framework.

The study is grounded in eco-epidemiological approach and the One Health perspectives, which emphasize the interconnected relationships between humans, animals, and the environment. A systematic review methodology was employed to synthesize findings fare basically secondary data which include report from international health organizations such as World health organization, Centre for disease control and prevention, a peer-reviewed journal article and other relevant grey literature published on Lassa fever epidemiology and environmental determinants. The review Centre on evidence relating to climatic variables such as temperature, humidity and rainfall; ecological factors including vegetation cover, land use and rodent habitant suitability; and socio-environmental determinants such as population density, housing quality environmental sanitations practices and solid waste management. The findings reveal that climate variability significantly influence rodent population dynamics and seasonal epidemiology of the disease, in the other hand ecological modifications as the result of atherogenic activities such as agricultural expansion, deforestation and landscape fragmentation, furthermore this development increase human exposure to infected reservoirs. In additions, improper waste disposal practices, inadequate sanitation, poor housing conditions, poverty couple with lack awareness mostly in rural dwellers were consistently identified as critical factors enhancing human-rodent interactions and disease transmission pattern. The review also highlights the growing importance of geospatial technologies and Geographic Information System (GIS) in identifying hotpots and this will support environmental health risk mapping. However substantial gaps remain in the development of localized and predictive risk models, especially for Bauchi State. Where integrated spatial analyses are scarce. In conclusion the study reveal the Lassa fever transmission is driven by complex interrelations among the ecological, climatic and socio-environmental variables, necessitating multidisciplinary approaches for effective management and control. It recommends the adoption of integrated environmental health risk mapping and strengthened One Health strategies to improve environmental sanitation, proper solid management and disposal, surveillance system, outbreak preparedness and targeted interventions in endemic communities.

Mr. Jamil Hassan Abdulkareem is a Public Health specializing in Epidemiology, Mr. Jamil conducted research in various areas including Epidemiology, environmental Management, Climate change and environmental pollution. He holds a Masters in Public Health with specialization in Epidemiology (MPH) from Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh and currently pursuing PhD Environmental Management Technology with Specialization Environmental Health from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University. Bauchi. Mr Jamil. has worked with various university and College of Health Technology in Nigeria, and has published extensively on Public Health issues in Nigeria, COVID 19 Pandemic. Climate Change He currently a Adjunct Senior Lecturer at Frontier Institute of distance learning and postgraduate studies